Assess level of Self-esteem among working and non-working women residing in selected areas in a view to develop an information booklet
(M.Sc. Psychiatric Nursing), Nursing Tutor, Department of Mental Health Nursing
Symbiosis college of Nursing, Symbiosis International Deemed University, Lavale, Pune, and Maharashtra.
*Corresponding Author E-mail: mr.satishchoure3@gmail.com
Assess level of Self-esteem among working and non-working women residing in selected areas in a view to develop an information booklet.
Objectives: 1. To assess level of Self-esteem among working women. 2. To assess level of Self-esteem among non-working women. 3. To compare the level of Self-esteem among working and non-working women.
Material and Methods: The research approach adopted in this study is Evaluatory approach. Non-experimental descriptive comparative research design was used. The sample were selected by Non-probability convenient sampling technique sample size was 120 (60working women and 60 non-working women).
Results: 1. 56.7% of the working women had moderate self-esteem (score 11-20) and 43.3% of them had high self-esteem (Score 21-30). 2. 70% of the non-working women had moderate self-esteem (score 11-20) and 30% of them had high self-esteem (Score 21-30). 3. 56.7% of the working women had moderate self-esteem (score 11-20) and 43.3% of them had high self-esteem (Score 21-30). 70% of the non-working women had moderate self-esteem (score 11-20) and 30% of them had high self-esteem (Score 21-30). This indicates that the self- esteem in working women is higher as compared to that of non-working women.
Conclusion: The self-esteem in working women is higher as compared to that of non-working women.
KEYWORDS: Self-esteem, working and non-working women, information booklet.
In sociology and psychology self-esteem reflects a person's overall subjective emotional evaluation of his or her own worth. It is a judgment of oneself as well as an attitude toward the self which encompasses beliefs "I am competent", "I am worthy’ The most basic need all of us have is to have a sense of personal worth. This sense of personal worth has two elements security and significance. Security means being loved and accepted just for who I am, regardless of what I do.
This is what Gloria Steinem calls “core” self-esteem, and psychologists refer to as “global” self-esteem, being loved and accepted. Significance means having meaning or purpose in life, being adequate for what I do. This is also called situational self-esteem. It knows that we are good at what we do. The problem is that we develop a series of false assumptions of what we think will meet our needs for security and significance. We usually learn these assumptions in childhood. If we don’t experience unconditional love and acceptance as a child, we will experience pressure to have those needs met elsewhere. And if we aren’t given a sense of competency and significance in childhood, we will also experience pressure to meet that need elsewhere. It is generally believed that there are many benefits of having a positive view of the self. Those who have high self-esteem are presumed to be psychologically happy and healthy whereas those with low self-esteem are believed to be psychologically distressed and perhaps even depressed. Persons who possess high self-esteem apparently feel good about them, cope effectively with challenges and criticism, and feel wanted and respected socially too, thus lead happy and productive lives. By contrast, people with low self-esteem see the world through a more negative filter.
Dr. Kompal W.(2016) A study consisted of 20 married working and 20 married non- working women of the age range of 20-45 years, with educational qualification of 10+2 and above selected from Panchkula. Cluster sampling technique was used for the selection of the sample. Working women were teachers, bankers and etc. The State Self-Esteem Scale (Heatherton and Polivy, 1991) [3]. Is used to measure self-esteem. The SSES consists of 20 items that tap momentary fluctuations in self-esteem. The scale has acceptable internal consistency (alpha =. 92) and it is responsive to temporary changes in self-Confirmatory factor analysis reveals that the SSES is made up of three factors performance, social, and appearance self-esteem. Of course, measures of trait and state self-esteem are highly correlated, and therefore in neutral settings scores on the SSES will be highly related to trait measures. The decision to use a trait or state measure of self-esteem, therefore, depends on whether one is interested in predicting long-term outcomes or in the immediate effects associated with feelings about the self. The result distributions are presented and basic descriptive parameters (arithmetic mean ± standard deviation) were calculated. The differences between the groups were tested by applying t test. The level of statistical significance was set at. 05 levels.
1. Kompal W.(2016) A study consisted of 20 married working and 20 married non- working women of the age range of 20-45 years, with educational qualification of 10+2 and above selected from Panchkula. Cluster sampling technique was used for the selection of the sample. Working women were teachers, bankers and etc. The State Self-Esteem Scale (Heatherton and Polivy, 1991) [3]. Is used to measure self-esteem. The SSES consists of 20 items that tap momentary fluctuations in self-esteem. The scale has acceptable internal consistency (alpha =. 92) and it is responsive to temporary changes in self-Confirmatory factor analysis reveals that the SSES is made up of three factors performance, social, and appearance self-esteem. Of course, measures of trait and state self-esteem are highly correlated, and therefore in neutral settings scores on the SSES will be highly related to trait measures. The decision to use a trait or state measure of self-esteem, therefore, depends on whether one is interested in predicting long-term outcomes or in the immediate effects associated with feelings about the self. The result distributions are presented and basic descriptive parameters (arithmetic mean ± standard deviation) were calculated. The differences between the groups were tested by applying t test. The level of statistical significance was set at. 05 levels.01
2. Sunita R, Singh S. (2014) A group of 100 married females having an age range of 30-45 years was selected as a sample for the present study. Half of the female (n=50) were working women and rest half (n=50) were non-working. Number of children (Min. 2) and type of family (nuclear and joint), demographic variables were controlled. The data analysed by calculating the means and standard deviations of the scores obtained by two groups of women i.e., working and non-working women, and t-test was used to find out the significant difference between means score obtained on stress, self-esteem and well-being (in Table I) between working and non- working women. The results indicate that a great difference exists in the means of the stress scores (Table- 1) in working women (mean 98.70 and SD 86.53) and non-working women (mean 134.21and SD 94.53). The mean is found higher among non-working women. It means that homemakers are under more stress than working women. On the other hand, working women are having higher scores on self-esteem (i.e. mean 16.10 and SD 3.13) as well as well-being (i.e. mean 15.00 and SD 4.81). For testing hypothesis 1, 2, and 3, t-test was Conducted to determine whether there existed significant difference in the above variables between two groups of women.02
3. Pranchi A, Anubha S. (2016) Emotional maturity enables you to create the life you desire. A life filled with happiness and fulfilment. You define success in your own terms, not society's, and you strive to achieve it. Self-esteem is how we value ourselves; it is how we perceive our value to the world and how valuable we think we are to others. Self-esteem affects our trust in others, our relationships, our work – nearly every part of our lives. Positive self-esteem gives us the strength and flexibility to take charge of our lives and grow from our mistakes without the fear of rejection. The present study aimed to investigate the difference of emotional maturity and self- esteem among working and non -working women. The study also attempts to find out the relationship between emotional maturity and self - esteem. The sample consisted of 100 working and 100 non- working in the age range of 30 to 50 years. Two tools were administrated to the participants of data collection. The scale which used is 1.Rosenberg Self- Esteem Scale (RSES) (1965), 2. Emotional Maturity Scale (EMS; Singh and Bhargava, 1991).03
4. Yang Y. (2002) Conducted a study assess and compare the self-perceived work related stress among emergency department (ED) and general ward (GW) nurses. One hundred and thirty two of 208 (63.5%) registered female ED and GW nurses participated in the study. A modified mental health professional stress scale (PSS) was used to measure self-perceived stress. On PSS, ED nurses had higher scores (mean 1.51) than GW nurses (1.30). The score of PSS of ED nurses (mean 1.51) was higher than that of GW nurses (1.30) (p = 0.012). The difference was still observed after adjustment for marital status and working experience (p= 0.029). After finding a difference between ED and GW nurses on the PSS, we compared the subscales of PSS. Scores of organisational structure and processes, lack of resources, and conflict with other professions were significantly higher in ED compared to GW nurses (all p = 0.002). After adjustment for marital status and working experience, all three subscales and patient related difficulties showed significant differences (all p < 0.01).04
5. Ahmad-Nia S. (2002) This paper analyses research on the impact of work on mothers' health in Tehran (Iran) within a role analytic framework. A survey was Conducted of a representative sample of working and non-working mothers in Tehran in 1998 (N = 1065, 710 working mothers, and 355 non-working mothers). Three main explanatory factors were examined (socio- demographic, work and work-related, and social-life context variables) alongside a range of mental and physical health outcome variables. Unlike in the West, where women's paid work is generally associated with better health, statistically significant differences between working and non-working women were not found in Tehran. It is argued that this is a result of the counter- balance of the positive and negative factors associated with paid work, such as increased stress on one hand and self-esteem on the other. Iranian society's particular socio-cultural climate has contributed to this finding, with its dominant gender-role ideology; the priority and extra weight placed on women's traditional roles as wives and mothers, and the remarkably influential impact of husbands' attitudes on women's health.05
The research approach adopted in this study is Evaluatory approach. The study design was Non- experimental descriptive comparative design. The sample were selected by Non-probability convenient sampling technique sample size was 120 samples (60 working women and 60 non-working women). According to the objectives, a tool was prepared. The tool consists of demographic data of working and non- working women and a likert scale to assess Self-esteem.
Attributed variables- 1. Level of self-esteem. The study was conducted in community areas of Pune in Maharashtra state. The data collection was as follows – data was collected by using likert scale, data was
analyzed in terms of frequency and percentage. After data collection Information booklet on comprising information about ‘how to cope up with self-esteem, was provided to samples.
The data was analyzed by using inferential and descriptive statistics on the basis of objectives.
PART I: Analysis of data related to the level of self-esteem among working women. N=60
|
Self-esteem |
Working women |
|
|
Freq |
% |
|
|
Low (Score 1-10) |
0 |
0.0% |
|
Moderate (Score 11-20) |
34 |
56.7% |
|
High (Score 21-30) |
26 |
43.3% |
|
|
|
|
56.7% of the working women had moderate self-esteem (score 11-20) and 43.3% of them had high self-esteem (Score 21-30).
Fig.No. 1: level of self-esteem among working women
PART II: Analysis of data related to the level of self-esteem among non-working women. N=60
|
Self-esteem |
Non-working women |
|
|
Freq |
% |
|
|
Low (Score 1-10) |
0 |
0.0% |
|
Moderate (Score 11-20) |
42 |
70.0% |
|
High (Score 21-30) |
18 |
30.0% |
70% of the non-working women had moderate self- esteem (score 11-20) and 30% of them had high self- esteem (Score 21-30).
Fig. No. 2: Level of self-esteem among non-working women
35% of the non-working women had severe stress (score 18-25) and 65% of them had moderate stress (Score 26- 33).
PART III: Analysis of data related to the comparison of level of self-esteem between working and non-working women. N=120
|
Self-esteem |
Working women |
Non-working women |
||
|
Freq |
% |
Freq |
% |
|
|
Low (Score 1-10) |
0 |
0.0% |
0 |
0.0% |
|
Moderate (Score 11-20) |
34 |
56.7% |
42 |
70.0% |
|
High (Score 21-30) |
26 |
43.3% |
18 |
30.0% |
56.7% of the working women had moderate self-esteem (score 11-20) and 43.3% of them had high self-esteem (Score 21-30). 70% of the non-working women had moderate self-esteem (score 11-20) and 30% of them had high self-esteem (Score 21-30). This indicates that the self-esteem in working women is higher as compared to that of non-working women.
4. A study to Assess and compare the self-perceived work related stress among emergency department (ED)and general ward(GW) nurses. Occupational and environmental medicine Y Yang. (2002)59, 836-841.
5. Women's work and health in Iran a comparison of working and non-working mothers. Ahmad-Nia S. SocSci Med. 2002 Mar;54(5)753-65. PubMed PMID 11999491.
Fig. No. 3: self-esteem level of working and non-working women.
PART IV: Two sample z-test for comparison of compare self- esteem in working and non-working women N=120
|
|
Mean |
SD |
T |
df |
p-value |
|
Employed women |
19.8 |
2.2 |
1.16 |
118 |
0.125 |
|
Unemployed women |
19.3 |
2.4 |
|
|
|
Researcher applied two sample z-test for comparison of compare self-esteem in working and non-working women. Average self-esteem score in employed women was 19.8 which was 19.3 for unemployed women. Z- value for this test was 1.16 with 118 degrees of freedom. Corresponding p-value was large (greater than 0.05), we fail to reject null hypothesis. The self-esteem among working women though higher than non-working, it is not significantly higher.
1. Dr. Kompal W.(2016)http//www.allresearchjournal.com/archives/2 016/vol2issue6/PartI/2-6-98-978.pdf
2. Sunita R, Singh S. (http//www.jrps.in/uploads/sept2014/2.pdf Sunita R, Singh S.(2014)
3. Pranchi A, Anubha S. Accepted 16 April 2016, Available online 22 April 2016, Vol.4 (March/April 2016 issue, available on
Received on 15.06.2021 Modified on 28.06.2021
Accepted on 08.07.2021 © AandV Publications all right reserved
Int. J. Nur. Edu. and Research. 2021; 9(4):445-448.
DOI: 10.52711/2454-2660.2021.00102